生态系统服务权衡最新研究进展

生态系统服务权衡研究对协调生态环境保护和社会经济发展至关重要。为推动生态系统服务管理和提升人类福祉,本文以Web of Science核心合集(WOS)和中国科学引文数据库(CSCD)为数据源,运用文献计量分析法,系统梳理和总结生态系统服务权衡研究的学科知识基础、科学领域结构和热点变化等发展现状以及最新研究进展。研究表明:1)不同研究层面上,生态系统服务间的权衡关系受外部风险和人类需求、参数选取和服务提供者及区域差异性和不均衡性的影响。2)研究方法主要有基于关系识别和具体表征的权衡分析、权衡模拟和预测的模型量化分析和生态系统服务权衡管理优化的多准则分析3类。3)生态系统服务权衡关键驱动因子为城市化、生态工程和气候变化。基于此,我们认为把握生态系统服务权衡不同研究层面的关联特征、创新和优化生态系统服务权衡研究方法、准确甄别生态系统服务权衡关键驱动因子以及充分整合多维生态系统服务权衡资源搭建数据共享平台是未来研究的重点。     

巨菌草对七彩山鸡生长性能、免疫器官以及肠绒毛形态的影响

试验旨在探究日粮中添加巨菌草(Pennisetum giganteum)对七彩山鸡(Phasianus colchicus)生长性能、免疫器官以及肠绒毛形态的影响。试验选取1周龄健康的七彩山鸡(母)210只,随机分为1个对照组(0%组)和4个饲料处理组,每组3个平行。4个饲料处理组配制时,分别添加4%、8%、12%、16%的巨菌草添加剂于基础饲料中。结果表明,与0%组相比,12%组七彩山鸡的平均体重和平均日采食量显著增加(P<0.05);4%、8%、12%组平均日增重显著大于16%组(P<0.05);8%组料重比显著降低(P<0.05);饲料处理组免疫器官指数中肝脏、脾脏指数均在0%组的基础上有所增加,但差异不显著(P>0.05);8%的巨菌草添加剂可显著增加七彩山鸡肠道的绒毛长度(P<0.05),隐窝深度显著降低(P<0.05),扩大肠道黏膜吸收面积。说明日粮中添加巨菌草可以提高七彩山鸡肠道对营养的吸收能力,一定程度上改善七彩山鸡生长性能和免疫性能。     

新型锌制剂对虹鳟生长及免疫功能的影响

为研究纳米锌及纳米锌多糖复合体对虹鳟生长及免疫功能的影响,选取平均体质量(120.0±3.0) g的虹鳟300尾,随机分成5组,每组3个平行,每个平行20尾,按1μL/g进行尾部肌肉注射纳米锌及纳米锌多糖复合体溶液,含量分别为1000、3000 mg/kg,试验周期为10 d。试验结果显示,纳米锌及纳米锌多糖复合体可不同程度提高虹鳟特定生长率(P>0.05)。1000 mg/kg纳米锌多糖复合体组虹鳟血液NBT阳性细胞数量百分比在第3 d最高,达22.3%(P<0.05);3000 mg/kg纳米锌多糖复合体组白细胞吞噬能力在第6 d最强(P<0.05)。3000 mg/kg纳米锌组虹鳟血清杀菌能力第3 d最高(19.4%),而3000 mg/kg纳米锌多糖复合体组血清杀菌能力第6 d最高,达32.43%(P<0.05)。第3 d,1000 mg/kg纳米锌多糖复合体组过氧化氢酶活性、一氧化氮合成酶活性分别为26.39、43.38 U/mL (P<0.05);第6 d,超氧化物歧化酶、酸性磷酸酶活性最高,分别为29.91 U/mL、201.4 U/L(P<0.05),微量丙二醛浓度最低,为3.19 nmol/mL。试验结束后通过杀鲑气单胞菌攻毒感染,7 d内观察虹鳟累积死亡率,1000 mg/kg纳米锌多糖复合体组累积死亡率仅30%。由试验结果可知,纳米锌和纳米锌多糖复合体均能对虹鳟免疫功能产生促进作用,以1000 mg/kg纳米锌多糖复合体效果最佳。     

氨氮胁迫对凡纳滨对虾肠道免疫相关指标的影响

为研究急性氨氮胁迫对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)肠道免疫功能的影响,将对虾暴露于氨氮浓度为20 mg·L^-1的海水中72 h,测定了不同时间点肠道中抗病原感染指标如酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、溶菌酶(Lys)、酚氧化酶原(proPO)以及抗氧化功能指标如总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、热休克蛋白70(HSP70)、热休克蛋白90(HSP90)等变化。结果显示,与对照组相比,氨氮胁迫后:1)ACP和ALP活性均于6 h显著升高(P<0.05),随后于48~72 h显著低于对照组(P<0.05);Lys活性于24 h显著升高至最大值(P<0.05),随后于72 h显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。2)T-AOC和SOD活性均于6 h和12 h显著高于对照组(P<0.05),随后于48 h和72 h显著降低(P<0.05)。3)HSP70基因表达水平于24 h显著升高至最大值,随后虽有降低,但仍显著高于对照组(P<0.05);HSP90和proPO基因表达水平均于12 h显著升高至最大值(P<0.05),随后于72 h降低至对照组水平(P>0.05)。研究表明,急性氨氮胁迫对凡纳滨对虾肠道免疫功能相关指标影响显著,对其肠道免疫防御系统有明显的损伤作用。     

Delayed-type hypersensitivity skin test against Neospora caninum in heifers with undetectable specific antibodies

Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) has been used in human and veterinary medicine as a skin testing for evaluating in vivo cell-mediated immune responses (CMIR). Whereas CMIR is a key process to control intracellular pathogens, its value at identifying cattle exposed to the abortigenic intracellular coccidian parasite Neospora caninum is unknown. In this work, we have evaluated a DTH skin testing in cattle exposed to N. caninum and still seronegative. Female calves were experimentally sensitized by subcutaneous (SC) inoculation with live tachyzoites of N. caninum (NC-Argentina LP1) in sterile phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (group A; n: 8) whereas other calveswere mock-sensitized with PBS (group B; n: 6). Two DTH skin tests were performed by intradermal inoculation with a soluble lysate of N. caninum tachyzoites (NC-Argentina LP1) in the neck region at 60d and 960 d after sensitization. Skinfold thickness at the intradermal inoculation site was measured at 0, 24, 48 h post each DTH skin test and skin biopsies taken for microscopic evaluation. Specific N. caninum antibodies kinetics was evaluated all throughthe experiment. We found that whereas N. caninum specific antibodies remained below the ELISA cut-off, a distinctive skinfold thickness increase was detected in sensitized animals (group A) at the DTH skin test site, showing induration, swelling and inflammatory infiltration. Mock sensitized animals (group B) showed no skinfold thickness growth and lacked specific antibody response. Thus, N. caninum DTH skin testing could be a useful diagnostic tool for the detection of CMIR during N. caninum infection in non-humoral responders.     

Analysis of risk factors associated with recurrence of canine babesiosis caused by Babesia gibsoni

Canine babesiosis due to Babesia gibsoni (B. gibsoni) displays severe clinical manifestations. Recurrence of babesiosis after anti-babesial treatment is observable in over 10 % of the patients. The present study ascertains the risk factors and cumulative incidence of recurrence of canine babesiosis. For a sample of 145 dogs diagnosed with acute babesiosis, the following parameters were assessed over a period of 16 weeks: haematological parameters, status of anaemia, platelet count, total WBC count, haemoglobin concentration and RBC count, concurrent haemoparasitism, and secondary immune mediated haemolytic anaemia (IMHA). Patient demographics such as age, breed, sex were also recorded. The potential risk factors were statistically evaluated by the cumulative incidence function and the Kaplan-Meier method. The recurrent infections were observed in 11.8 % of the study sample. The following factors were found to associate with increased risk of recurrence: Rottweiler breed (CIR 21.8 % ± 6.9 %; p < 0.05), secondary IMHA (CIR 28.7 % ± 11.3 %; p < 0.05), RBC counts < 2 × 10⁶/μl on the day of diagnosis (CIR 16 % ± 4.6 %; p < 0.05), and persistent anaemia over 20 days post treatment (CIR 29.14 ± 7.9 %; p < 0.001). Dogs with concurrent haemoparasitic infections were predicted to have a fatal outcome in the survival analysis (disease related mortalities 25 % ± 13 %; p < 0.001). According to the findings, veterinarians need to pay attention to Rottweiler breed, dogs with secondary IMHA, concurrent haemoparasitism, low RBC counts on diagnosis and those with persistent anaemia to reduce the risk of relapse.     

奶牛产后首次发情行为变化规律及影响因素分析

本实验旨在通过对奶牛场发情监测设备数据的综合分析,探究奶牛产后首次发情行为变化规律及胎次、季节、泌乳水平等因素对发情行为的影响,提高牛场数字化管理水平。本研究采集了2018年7月—2019年8月北京延庆某奶牛养殖场315头产后母牛首次发情信息,共计20475项相关数据,包括发情日期、活动量、反刍量、胎次、产奶量等,运用Excel整理数据,结合SPSS 21.0软件进行多因素方差分析。结果表明:奶牛发情当天活动量极显著增加,由发情前的168.25步/h增长到363.3步/h(P<0.01),反刍时间显著下降,由发情前的505.1 min/d下降至431.1 min/d(P<0.05);春、夏、秋、冬四季发情奶牛分别占总发情牛数的35.0%、22.6%、14.8%和27.4%,其中,秋、冬两季奶牛首次发情时活动量及反刍时间变化显著;随着奶牛胎次的增加,奶牛发情时发情行为呈减弱趋势;高产奶牛活动量及活动量变化量均显著低于中产奶牛和低产奶牛。综上,在分析使用发情监测数据时,应综合考虑季节、胎次、泌乳水平等影响因素,以便科学利用现代数字化监测系统提高奶牛产后首次发情揭发率与配种率。     

Cloning and expression analysis of innate immune genes from red sea bream to assess different susceptibility to megalocytivirus infection

As suggested by the Office International des Epizooties (OIE), fishes belonging to the genus Oplegnathus are more sensitive to megalocytivirus infection than other fish species including red sea bream (Pagrus major). To assess the roles of the innate immune response to these different susceptibilities, we cloned the genes encoding inflammatory factors including IL‐8 and COX‐2, and the antiviral factor like Mx from red sea bream for the first time and performed phylogenetic and structural analysis. Analysed expression levels of IL‐1β, IL‐8 and COX‐2 and the antiviral factor like Mx genes performed with in vivo challenge experiment showed no difference in inflammatory gene expression or respiratory burst activity between red sea bream and rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus). However, the Mx gene expression levels in red sea bream were markedly higher than those in rock bream, suggesting the importance of type I interferon (IFN)‐induced proteins, particularly Mx, during megalocytivirus infection, rather than inflammation‐related genes. The in vitro challenge experiments using embryonic primary cultures derived from both fish species showed no difference in cytopathic effects (CPE), viral replication profiles, and inflammatory and Mx gene expression pattern between the two fish species.     

Effects of Panax ginseng extract in practical diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) on growth performance,immune response and resistance to Yersinia ruckeri

In a preliminary in vitro study, a Panax ginseng extract exhibited an evident antibacterial activity against Yersinia ruckeri and Lactococcus garvieae and affected the respiratory burst and proliferation of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss leukocytes. Subsequently, the effects of a dietary ginseng extract supplementation on growth, blood biochemical profile, innate immune response and resistance against Y. ruckeri infection were investigated in vivo in rainbow trout juveniles. Four experimental diets were obtained by adding 0.0%, 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03% of ginseng ethanolic extract to a commercial feed. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of fish (mean body weight 30.5 ± 0.15 g) at 1% of body weight day^?1 for 10 weeks. The dietary supplementation with ginseng extract did not affect growth performance, feed utilization, biometric traits and fish whole body composition (P > 0.05). No major changes due to graded levels of ginseng extract in the diet were observed in blood biochemical parameters except for increasing plasma triglycerides and non‐esterified fatty acids in fish fed diets including 0.01% and 0.02% of extract (P < 0.05). The innate immune response was barely modulated by the dietary addition of ginseng extract. Serum lysozyme and leukocytes respiratory burst activities were just slightly increased in fish fed all the ginseng extract‐supplemented diets compared with controls, whereas serum antiproteases and leukocyte MPO were not affected (P > 0.05). The dietary administration of ginseng extract induced a reduction in mortality of rainbow trout infected with Y. ruckeri, although no significant differences between treated and control groups were observed (P > 0.05).